作者：Laurie Barclay, MD　
出處：WebMD醫學新聞
審閱：Gary D. Vogin, MD　

　　Aug. 2, 2004 - 根據一項發表在8月號一般精神醫學學誌（Archives of General Psychiatry）的個案控制試驗結果顯示，懷孕早期得到流行性感冒可能與嬰兒將來長大後的精神分裂症有關；研究人員暗示這是一種抗體反應，而非感染所致，可能解釋這期間的關連。
　　
　　紐約市的紐約州精神機構Alan S. Brown醫師與他的同事們指出，某些但不是全部過去的試驗顯示，出生前暴露於流行性感冒會增加發生精神分裂症的風險；這項矛盾的發現可能源自於對罹患流行性感冒的錯誤分類。
　　
　　根據一大群於1959年到至1966年間出生的群眾資料，於30至38年後追蹤是否發生精神病疾病，研究人員確認64位成員患有精神分裂症範圍疾病；其中控制組中有125位成員合乎出生年齡、性別、在試驗群體中時間長度、母體血清中流行性感冒抗體測試結果的可獲得性。
　　
　　懷孕第1期中暴露在流行性感冒下，嬰兒將來長大後會增加高達7倍發生精神分裂症風險，但是懷孕第2期與第3期卻沒有這樣的現象；早期到中期的暴露增加發生精神分裂症的機率達3倍，而在調整過潛在影響因素後，並不影響結果。
　　
　　該項試驗的侷限，包括使用間接衡量流行性感冒的方法、而且血清樣本冰凍超過30年、以及缺乏精神分裂症家族史資料。
　　
　　研究人員指出，這些發現代表第一個血清學上證據證實出生前流行性感冒在精神分裂症扮演一個角色，雖然詳細的機轉仍有待釐清，但如果經過證實，這項結果可能應用於預防精神分裂症與闡明這個疾病的病理機轉，這在考量沒有懷孕的婦女，是否應該例行性接受疫苗注射問題上是有價值的，對流行性感冒的抗體反應，而不是感染本身，可能與觀察到精神分裂症的風險增加有關。
　　
　　國家精神分裂與憂鬱症研究聯盟、國家精神衛生院、國家衛生研究院還有許多其他私人基金會贊助這項試驗。

Influenza in Early Pregnancy Linked to Schizophrenia

By Laurie Barclay, MD
Medscape Medical News


Aug. 2, 2004 — Influenza in early pregnancy may be associated with schizophrenia, according to the results of a nested case-control study published in the August issue of the Archives of General Psychiatry. The investigators suggest that an antibody response, rather than infection, may explain this association.

"Some, but not all, previous studies suggest that prenatal influenza exposure increases the risk of schizophrenia," write Alan S. Brown, MD, from New York State Psychiatric Institute in New York City, and colleagues. "Discrepant findings may have resulted from exposure misclassification."

From a large cohort born from 1959 through 1966 and followed up 30 to 38 years later for psychiatric disorders, the investigators identified 64 members with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Control subjects were 125 members matched for date of birth, sex, length of time in the cohort, and availability of maternal serum for influenza antibody testing.

Influenza exposure during the first trimester increased the risk of schizophrenia sevenfold, but exposure during the second or third trimester did not affect risk. Exposure during early to midpregnancy increased the risk of schizophrenia threefold. Adjustment for potential confounders did not affect these results.

Study limitations include use of a proxy measure of influenza exposure and of serum samples frozen for more than 30 years, and lack of data on family history of schizophrenia.

"These findings represent the first serologic evidence that prenatal influenza plays a role in schizophrenia," the authors write. "If confirmed, the results may have implications for the prevenion of schizophrenia and for unraveling pathogenic mechanisms of the disorder.... Although the precise mechanisms need to be delineated, it may be worth considering the question of routine vaccination of nonpregnant women, given the possibility that the antibody response to influenza, rather than direct infection, may be resposible for the observed increase in risk of schizophrenia."

The National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression, the National Institutes of Mental Health, and the National Institutes of Health helped support this study, along with various private foundations.

Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61:774-780

Reviewed by Gary D. Vogin, MD

由「靈心身界 四位圓融」，
看「處胎時的流行性感冒 與將來長大後精神分裂症有關！」

便會發現，
目前的科學家───還沒學到超心理學的舊科學家，
其因果邏輯，固執在時間軸上，
其推論只能止於「懷孕時感冒　"導致於" 胎兒將來精神分裂」，
無法擴大及「胎兒當下的靈場問題（除了靈光,全息場...也會相應於不協調的命盤）　"相應於" 懷孕時感冒 與 胎兒未來的精神分裂」。。。。。。
所以會納悶，更有可能弄錯研究方向。

-------------------------
 

胎兒的行為在母親懷孕時就已經被規劃
作者：Yael Waknine　
出處：WebMD醫學新聞
審閱：Gary D. Vogin, MD　
　　July 16, 2004 -- 一項前瞻性試驗結果指出，懷孕第12至22週時，母親的焦慮症與兒童發生，如注意力缺陷過動症（ADHD）等疾病的機率增加有關；這項試驗提供了母親－胎兒規劃假說的依據，其研究刊載於最近一期的Child Development期刊中。
　　
　　來自比利時Leuven天主教大學的Bea R. H. Van den Bergh與Alfons Marcoen認為，在常見被診斷出來的兒童疾病中，如ADHD、外在的問題以及內在的問題，目前的認知是基因與非基因的因素在病因學扮演了一個影響性的角色；長久以來認為這些疾病會造成神經發展上的某種程度的受損，是因為出生前因子對腦部發育過程的有害作用所致。
　　
　　研究人員所謂的「胎兒規劃假說」，在子宮內發育的敏感期時，干擾因素會規劃胎兒許多系統的定位點，這些定位點限制了兒童對環境適應性的可塑性，造成適應不良以及產生疾病或是異常的傾向。
　　
　　為了評估這個理論，研究人員針對71位初次懷孕的母親，收集這些孕婦在整個懷孕過程中的焦慮相關資料；當72位兒童成長至8或是9歲時，他們的母親、一位老師以及一位公正的觀察者完成有關評估每位兒童的注意力以及過動性、外在的行為以及焦慮程度的調查。
　　
　　調查中，利用分層複迴歸分析法發現，在懷孕時期，母親的焦慮分別解釋了22%、15%以及9%產生跨情境的ADHD症狀、外在的行為以及自我描述的焦慮的變異性。
　　
　　在懷孕12至22週時，母親的焦慮是一個顯著的獨立預測因子，而其他如兒童的性別、雙親教育程度、懷孕時吸菸、出生體重以及產後焦慮則不是。
　　
　　研究人員評論指出，目前的試驗提供了最強力的間接證據，顯示產前母親的焦慮，會透過規劃某些腦結構與功能間關聯性早期發展時的定位點，影響兒童神經行為發展上的交替，進而增加兒童發生異常的可能性。
　　
　　研究人員建議，匯集其他關於確認懷孕時透過特定的「計畫窗」可提供高度焦慮的懷孕婦女一個發展預防、介入、以及支持計劃動力的研究證據；這些計畫可包括紓解壓力的指導及行為治療，以減少焦慮及懷孕早期神經內分泌的反應。

Child Behavior May Be Programmed During Pregnancy
By Yael Waknine
Medscape Medical News

July 16, 2004 — Maternal anxiety during the first 12 to 22 weeks of pregnancy is associated with enhanced susceptibility of the child to disorders such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), according to results of a prospective study published in a recent issue of Child Development. The study lends support to the hypothesis of maternal-fetal programming.

"It is recognized that both genetic and non-genetic factors play an etiological role in commonly diagnosed childhood disorders, such as ADHD, externalizing problems, and internalizing problems, write Bea R. H. Van den Bergh and Alfons Marcoen, from the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium. "It has long...been known that neurodevelopmental impairments seen in some of these disorders...are caused by the deleterious effect of prenatal factors on developmental processes of the brain."

According to the authors, the "fetal programming hypothesis" states that disturbing factors during sensitive periods of in-utero development can program the set-points of a variety of systems in the fetus. The set-points constrain the adaptive plasticity of the child to their environment, resulting in maladaptive physiology and a predisposition to disease or disorder.

To evaluate this theory, investigators collected anxiety-level data from 71 normal primipara mothers via questionnaires throughout their pregnancies. When the 72 children were aged eight or nine years, their mothers, a teacher, and an impartial observer completed questionnaires measuring each child's attention and hyperactivity, acting-out behavior, and anxiety level.

Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that maternal anxiety during pregnancy explained 22%, 15%, and 9% of the variance in cross-situational ADHD symptoms, externalizing problems, and self-reported anxiety, respectively.

Maternal anxiety during the first 12 to 22 weeks of pregnancy was a significant independent predictor, while factors such as the child's sex, parents' educational level, smoking during pregnancy, birth weight, and postnatal maternal anxiety were not.

"The present study yielded some of the strongest indirect evidence available today, that antenatal maternal anxiety may contribute to the 'shaping' of alteration in the child's neurobehavioral development — and, hence enhance the susceptibility for childhood disorders — by programming some set-points in early developing brain structure-function relationships," the authors comment.

"Converging evidence from other studies in identifying specific 'programming windows' during gestation could give the impetus to develop prevention, intervention, and support programs for highly anxious pregnant women," the authors suggest. "These programs could include stress reduction instructions and behavioral treatments to reduce anxiety and neuroendocrine reactions to stress from early gestation on."

The authors report no pertinent financial disclosures.

Child Dev. 2004;75:4

Reviewed by Gary D. Vogin, MD

竟然也能從命理學、玄學角度

看這種醫學、心理學新發現，

真的很有趣